Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements free essay sample

Packaging seems to be one of the most important factors in purchase decisions made at the point of sale (Prendergast and Pitt, 1996), where it becomes an essential part of the selling process (Rettie and Brewer, 2000). Munyadzi (2013) reveals the function of packaging has transformed over the years as it was solely used as a means of protecting the product and making sure that the product could be consumed without being altered as it is transported form one point to the other. The dynamic nature of the marketing environment has propelled packaging to have other functions that also act as powerful marketing tools (Mitchell 2003). Meanwhile, Kotler (2012) expressed packaging has been transformed to become one of the most important and powerful tools for promoting products, eye-catching the attention of prospective consumers and communicating the value of the brand to the target market. According to Stewart (2003), food product development and innovation continues to be seen as a fundamental strategy for competitive success and survival within a competitive global market. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays, many food retailers are facing a somewhat challenging scenario where the cost of marketing is also rising and it is becoming more difficult to maintain sales for brands that are not the first choice household name (Peters, 2004). In addition, consumers are becoming more demanding in terms of quality and choice and are constantly seeking a product tailored to their every want and need (Mitchell, 2003). Products are developed to, and indeed are expected by consumers to taste good; therefore, it is not surprising that consumers will increasingly make their initial choices based on aesthetic value (Dumaine, 1991). Thus, the question commonly faced by many food retailers is how to distinguish or differentiate their product from competing products. During the 1980s, UK food retailers began to enhance the pack design of their products, discovering that improvements in packaging design and product quality enabled them to compete directly with food manufacturers (Southgate, 1994). 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Packaging could be treated as one of most valuable tool in today’s marketing communications, necessitating more detail analysis of its elements an impact of those elements on consumer buying behavior. Analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice can reveal the impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision. For this purpose main package’s elements could be identified into food label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat). The impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision can be revealed by analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice. The aim of this study if to determine the impact of informational package elements toward consumer purchasing behavior for carbonated drinks product. So, the question is to what extent does, brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information influence consumer buying decision among residents in Melaka Tengah towards carbonated drinks product. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the specific objectives above, this study seeks to find the answers for the following research questions. 1. Is there any significant relationship between the brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information on the consumer buying decision? 2. What are the most effective packaging elements that can influences consumer to buy the product promoted? 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES General Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the effect of packaging elements on consumer purchasing decision towards carbonated drinks. Specific Objectives 1. To measure the level of influential of packaging elements of carbonated drinks and its specific dimensions among Melaka Tengah Community. 2. To determine the relationship between independent variables (brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information) and its specific elements toward consumer purchasing decisions among Melaka Tengah Community. 3. To indicates the most influential element that effect purchasing behavior of customer. 1. 5 HYPOTHESIS a) Brand Elements, H1 H1: Brand elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions b) Nutritional Elements, H2 H2: Nutritional elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions c) Food Level Information, H3 H3: Food level information has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions 1. 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The findings of this research will help the company to determine what the important key factor that influence consumer buying decision on carbonated drinks whether it is brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information. Other than that, it is also help the management to make corrective action to increase the level of consumer buying decision and at the same time to improve the company’s performance in order to help them to be more competent in future. The result from the research will also help to enhance the body of knowledge which is to reinforce the existing and also develop new theory. The study also will help to get better understanding of the variables which have been used in this research 1. 7 LIMITATION OF STUDY The findings of this study have to be interpreted considering few limitations. Firstly, limitations include the time constraint. Due to other responsibility, the time given is limited to complete the research with prescribed time. To get a suitable topic that is related to the research, an enough time is needed in order to complete the research. A lot of time is required to know and fully understand about the problem as stated in many journal articles. To construct the questionnaires its required a quite long time to complete it because it needs to make an observation and by interview some people in that organization or company to get the accurate data about this research proposal. And also to ensure the words and meaning were made clear to every respondent, there is always a possibility that individual respondent might interpret the meanings of the questions differently from others. The last limitation is the cost constraint. As a researcher, we have limited sources of budget due to Internet fees, transportation and others. We need amount of money to get accurate information. This also causes by over budget, by doing a research they didn’t manage their sources or budget very well and its limits the research to conduct a survey in a large level. Since this research need us to make observation, interview and spreading out the questionnaire to the respondent, some cost might incur to conduct overall process. 2. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES BRAND ELEMENTS Brand element according to Keller (2008) can be brought as many dimensions that differentiate them from other product designed to satisfy one need; these differences may be rational or tangible, or symbolic, emotional and intangible. Furthermore, whilst most brand practitioners argue that the package design is an important component of the brand strategy (Dadzie and Mensah, 2011), literature on packaging information (Silayoi and Speece, 2004; Estiri et. al 2010) tends to view the brand elements as a key ingredient of the product informational package elements. The proponents of branding position that in the consumers’ mind, a well known brand can be dependent upon and consumers tend to perceive the quality of the products based on the brand strategy (Aaker, 1991). One of the brand elements is brand name where substitutions have become a frequent phenomenon, and companies confronted with rebranding are often mentioned in the business press (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2009). Brand name substitution consists of changing the name of a product or service which is marketed by a company (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2006; Muzellec and Lambkin, 2007). Next is a slogan, according to Rogers (2008) the acceptance of the concept of purchasing infused drinks from any outlet by the young consumers’ signals a form of social change or lifestyle. The slogan falls under brands element said that slogan can possess an idea worthy to consumer loyalty Martinez, 2004). Other part that contributes under brand element is name and logo gives contribute to a key component of brand identity, since they are the most pervasive elements in corporate and brand communications, and provide instant recognition of the brand (Schechter, 1993; Henderson and Cote, 1998). In this context, as a brand identity sign, a logo can refer to a variety of graphic or typeface elements, ranging from word-driven, i. e. including word marks or stylized letter marks, through to image-driven, i. e. including pictorial marks (Henderson and Cote, 1998; Wheeler, 2003). More recently, Walsh et al. (2010, 2011) examined consumer responses to logo shape redesigns (from angular to more rounded shapes). Theorists agree that well-designed logos should be recognizable, evoke positive affect and allow the transmission of a set of shared associations (Kohli, 2002). Lastly, a symbol under brand element shows that according to Smelser (1973) an object which is representation of a different entity. Moreover, Hostetler (1964) said that this elements can be defined as a symbol as a â€Å"visible object† that is representative of an idea. Symbols can also be representative of the worldview of a social or cultural group (White, 1949) and therefore be presented in art form; for example through architecture (Ikebude, 2009). NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION Nutrition elements are one of label that contain at carbonated drinks. According to Dougherty (2006). Most consumers would like to see nutrition information at places where they go out to eat; however, only limited research has explored how well this information is understood by consumers and which consumers may be most likely to use menu labels in making decisions about what to purchase. Nutrition labelling reduces consumers’ intentions to purchase items high in calories and fat, especially when there is a greater discrepancy between the perceived content and actual content. Loureiro et al (2006) found that consumers were willing to pay approximately 11% higher for a box of cookies with a nutritional label than one without such a label. One of the nutrition elements are energy. If products have no special labelling or have a number of complex methods of indicating the energy contents of that product, the actual energy contents can vary dramatically across a range of similar products (Fineli 2011). Understanding what the energy contents of a product might be is then dependent on a consumers skill and knowledge in interpreting this information (Drichoutis et al. 2006). Another elements of nutrition elements are vitamins. Women are more concerned about the low fat of the products as safety of the food. On the contrary, men are concerned about the necessary vitamins, freshness and label information whereas both are concerned about expiry date as most important aspect toward food safety. In the present context, information on negative nutrients, such as fat, may be more salient than information on positive nutrients, such as vitamins (Burton,1993). Motivation to search for information is greater when consumers are provided with highly arousing negative consequences and specific ways to minimise them (Moorman, 1990). Sugar also one of the elements in nutrition. According to Blisard (1994) These concern have also been fuelled by recent consumer group studies, which have stirred controversy about whether added sugar and starches compromise nutrition. A slightly smaller percentage,74 percent, indicated that they had heard about health problems associated with consuming excessive amounts of sugars. Protein also been classified as one of nutrition elements. Whey and soy proteins contributed different sensory properties to the beverages and bars. In blinded comparisons, consumers preferred bars and beverages with whey or mixtures of whey and soy protein to applications with soy protein alone. The consumer perception of these proteins when specifically labelled as such in bars and beverages was not addressed (Childs et al,2007). The last element in nutrition are fat content. According to Kim (2000) , consumers who used nutrition labels tend to consume less calories from fat and saturated fat ,and to eat a diet low in fat (Finke 2000). In addition, consumers evaluated food products displaying nutrition labels as more valuable than non-labelled products. (Loureiro, 2006). FOOD LABEL INFORMATION Food labels are the prime channel for information dissemination between food producers and retailers, and the consumers of food products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO, WHO), 2001). Other that, they contain various information elements which can be classified into different categories: for example, mandatory (Her Majesty’s Government, 1996) and commercial (McIlveen and Semple, 2002). According to Doi (2007) Halal is a Quranic term that means permitted, allowed, lawful or legal. Its opposite is Haram (forbidden, unlawful or illegal). In Islam and according to Shariah (Islamic Law), all issues concerning Halal or Haram and even all disputes should be referred to Quran and Sunnah (prophetic tradition). Furthermore a trust mark (Halal logo) can be placed on the Halal products for Muslims to know that the product is Halal (Cheng, 2008). Research has shown although current Halal standards regulate food production, preparation, handling and storage to some degree, it does not ensure that the product is Halal at the point of consumption (Tieman, 2006). Harcar and Karakaya (2005) found that consumers were most likely to check expiration dates prior to purchasing a product if the expiration dates were easily found and that consumers ceased checking the dates if they had difficulty finding them. They speculated that the size, color, or font, as well as placement on product packages, could contribute to the consumer’s difficulty in locating the date. According to the 1990 Food Marketing Institute’s Trends Survey, 72% of people check product expiration dates and women are more inclined to check than men (Mueller,1991, as cited in Harcar Karakaya, 2005). Pepsi CO Inc. (1981) shows that soft drink manufacturers justi? ed adding caffeine to soft drinks on the basis that caffeine was a ? avor enhancer. If caffeine had not been accepted as a ? avor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient, soft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs. However, the FDA approved caffeine and limited the maximum caffeine content of cola-type soft drinks to 0. 02% caffeine, or 71 mg/12 ? uid oz (Food and Drug Administration, 2003). Previous studies have already investigated the heavier weight that negative, as compared with positive information, has on the impression formation process (Fiske, 1980; Mizerski, 1982). In order to minimize this potential negative effect of the product recall message on consumer behaviour, the company making a product recall should emphasize that it is taking action in a socially responsible manner (Mowen et al. , 1981). According to Mowen (1980), using an experimental approach, manipulated variables as consumer knowledge of the company making the product recall, whether or not the company was compelled to make the recall by a consumer product safety commission, and whether or not other manufacturers had had a similar defect. Products that are innovations â€Å"New-to-the-world products revolutionize existing product categories, or define wholly new ones† (Crawford et al. , 2003). Furthermore, these new products may include an innovative technology and require consumer instruction (Cooper, 2011). 2. 2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATIONAL PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND CONSUMER PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR Despite the availability of numerous researches on the impact of informational package elements on consumer purchase behaviour, there seems to be no agreement on how consumers will react to different socio-cultural set-ups. In this study, the following informational elements: brand elements, nutritional information and food labels are going to be broken down so that the sub variables will be examined to see how they influence the purchase behaviour of university students. The outlined informational elements are divided as follows: brand elements (brand name, slogans, Logos, symbols and flavour), nutritional information (energy, protein, fat, vitamins, fibre, calcium and sugar) and food label information (instruction of use, expiry date, weight/volume, ingredients and storage conditions). The ultimate findings would then be employed by marketing managers to develop best fitting strategies on how best they may manipulate consumer purchase behaviour through the use of informational package elements. The following model is drawn using basis upon which our hypo theses are crafted. 2. 3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK H1 H2 H3 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a quantitative research study. This study is designed to use a descriptive correlation design to investigate the differences in means and frequency distribution of job satisfaction, the dependent variable and the selected independent variable and its dimensions. Firstly, the dependent and the independent variables are identified. Then, the measurement scales of the identified variables is sought and determined. Before the measurement scales is used, the validity and reliability of the scales will be assessed. Secondly, a representative sample is selected to represent the population of the study so that the results of the study could be generalized to the population at large. Next, the data were collected from the sample using the validated and reliable research instrument. After the data is collected, it will be analyzed using a combination of statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Among the descriptive statistics used will be frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and measures of variability. Correlation analysis is used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Further clarification of data collection and data analysis procedures will be presented in the later part of this chapter. 3. 2 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION Questionnaires are used as a research instrument to collect data from the respondents identified for this study. The questionnaires consist on the effectiveness of main package’s label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat) towards the consumer buying decision. 3. 3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY Almost all scientific method of research obtain their information from the respondents who provide the information and they are called population. With this assumption, the populations of the respondents for this research consist of consumer who drinks carbonated drinks in Melaka Tengah . In this study, 80 respondents will be chosen from population consisting of 40 males and 40 females. 3. 4 SAMPLING The sample size is 80 respondents. The sampling frame is a physical representation of all the elements in the population from which the sample is drawn. In this research a randomly 80 respondents will be chosen at Dataran Pahlawan at Mynews. com retail outlet because it is one of the outlet that sells carbonated drinks that also have high visitors. The main reason to sample is to save time and money. 3. 5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES This research used self administrated questionnaire for collecting data. Using self report paper pen, straight answer questionnaire techniques, consumer will be asked to rate their preference on a five point Likert scale on which they are to indicate whether items are â€Å"strongly disagree†, â€Å"disagree†, â€Å"neutral†, â€Å"agree† and â€Å"strongly agree† characteristics of themselves. Dichotomous scale that used elicits a Yes or No, Category scale that used multiple items to elicit a single response. In Multiple-Choices Questions, respondents will ask to select one or more of the alternative given. In the questionnaire, multiple-choices questions were asked in section 1 (Demographic Information). 3. 6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 1) Descriptive statistic According to Leary (2001), descriptive statistics is a powerful tool to describe and understand the data so that they can be easily comprehended by others. The descriptive statistics employed in this study were as followed: (1) To measures of central tendency; (2) To measures of variability; and (3) frequency distribution. These statistics were used to extract and summarize quantitative information from the sample. Measures of central tendency helped to find a single index that could represent the whole set of measure. This study utilized the mean or average to describe the data in terms of average values. Mean was chosen because the variables investigated in this study such as the dependent variable (work motivation, organizational commitment and corporate culture) and the independent variable (job satisfaction) were all interval data. This study also employed the most commonly used measure of variability and standard deviation to find out the dispersion or variability of the data set. Since it is also an interval statistic as the mean, it could be used to describe the degree of dispersion of all the interval variables (dependent and the independent variables). Frequency distribution was used to extract important features of the quantitative data of the study. The original data collected were group and presented in a summarized form by constructing appropriate tables and charts. 2) Correlation statistic According to Ary, et al. (1996), correlation statistic is a statistical technique used to measure the strength of the association or co-variation that exists between two quantitative variables. The strength of the relationship between two variables is measured by the coefficient of correlation, r, whose values may range from -1 to +1. If the direction of the relationship between two variables is positive, it means that high scores of one variable are associated with high scores of another variable and vice versa. When there is a relationship, correlation coefficient can also determine the strength of the relationship whether the variables have a strong relationship or a weak relationship. The closeness of the correlation coefficient to one implies a strong relationship between the two variables. When the correlation coefficient is zero, there is no correlation between the two variables. In this study, Elifson, Runyon, and Haber (1998) rule of the thumb was used to interpret the strength of the relationship (Table 1). Table 1: Criteria for Interpreting Strength of Relationship between Two Variables r value Strength of Relationship 0. 01 – 0. 30 Weak; Almost negligible relationship 0. 31 – 0. 70 Moderate; substantial relationship 0. 71 – 0. 99 Strong; marked relationship 1. 00 Perfect relationship 0 No relationship Source: Elifson, Runyon Haber, 1998 This study used Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) developed by Karl Pearson as the correlation index. This index was chosen because this index can only be used when the scale of measurement for the variables is interval or ratio (Runyon, Haber, Pittenger, and Coleman 2000). Furthermore, Pearson Correlation Coefficient is also an appropriate measure of relationship between two variables when the quantitative variables are normally distributed. 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How to Keep a Caterpillar Alive All Winter

How to Keep a Caterpillar Alive All Winter Its actually fairly  easy to raise a caterpillar you have collected in the fall. The key is to provide conditions that mimic the caterpillars natural cycle and habitat. Some caterpillars survive the winter by simply burrowing under the leaf litter or squeezing into bark crevices. Others pupate as cooler weather approaches and remain in this state until spring. In other words, they wont stay in caterpillar form. If your caterpillar is still feeding, you will need to  provide food  as you would for caterpillars you find at other times of the year. Eventually, the caterpillar will stop feeding and may become more sluggish. This is a sign that it is preparing itself for winter. Overwintering Stages of Common Butterflies and Moths Its helpful to know whether the caterpillar you found is going to stay in the larval stage all winter, or whether its going to pupate. This list provides overwintering stages of selected butterfly and moth families. Please note that this is a general list, so there may be exceptions. Larvae (stays a caterpillar through the winter) skippers (Hesperiidae)loopers, inchworms, and spanworms (Geometridae) - sometussock caterpillars (Lymantridae) - some, but they can be difficult to keep alive over wintertiger moth caterpillars (Arctiidae) - some, including the beloved woollybear Pupae (spends the winter as a cocoon or chrysalid) slug caterpillars  (Limacodidae)flannel moths  (Megalopygidae)swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae)whites and sulphurs (Pieridae)loopers, inchworms, and spanworms (Geometridae) - mosttiger moth caterpillars (Arctiidae) - some Keeping Caterpillars Over the Winter For species that overwinter as caterpillars, simply clean any remaining frass and food plants from the container, and then cover the resting caterpillar with a layer of leaves. Move the container to a porch or unheated garage or shed for the winter months. If the caterpillar is kept in an environment that is too dry, it may desiccate and die. Try to find a location where the humidity will be as close to its natural habitat as possible.  When spring arrives, watch for signs of activity from the caterpillar. Keeping Cocoons or Chrysalides Over the Winter Butterfly caterpillars often overwinter as chrysalides. Provide some twigs or stems so the caterpillar can suspend itself to pupate. You can secure the twigs with clay at the bottom, or cut pieces that will fit tightly against the container without falling. Once the caterpillar has pupated, move the container to an unheated area for the winter. Moth caterpillars typically pupate in the soil, sometimes incorporating leaves into their pupal cases. Place a layer of peat moss in the container, and add some leaves. Once the caterpillar spins a cocoon, you can remove any remaining leaves and move the container to an outdoor or unheated location. If you are storing your pupae or caterpillars outdoors, be sure to keep them out of the sun. Even on a cold winter day, the container can warm up quite a bit if placed directly in the suns rays. This might lead to premature emergence or may cause the pupae to dry out. As it gets closer to spring, its helpful to mist the pupae with a little water to simulate the increased humidity and moisture of the changing seasons. When spring returns, you should keep your caterpillar or pupa cool until other members of the same species are emerging. If you arent sure, wait until the trees in your area start to leaf out before moving the container to a warmer location.

African-American Policy Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

African-American Policy Agenda - Essay Example This is because not only this gives a chance for further learning on an already established base but it also ensures that norms and rules of society are followed. There was once a time when this education was passed on by father to son and so on. However with time the nature and content has become increasingly complex. Therefore special institutions are used to transfer this knowledge and it is called education. This education is therefore an important and integral step in making a human being a functional part of a society. Most of all education is necessary to find a good livelihood. As the level of education increases so does the income. This is because the numbers of muscle jobs are decreasing day by day. The uneducated workers usually end up working as janitors or cleaners. The most important aspect for any person life in today’s world is the economic aspect. Therefore if the economic aspect of life is weakened all other aspects are automatically affected. Thus uneducated people end up being driven away from main stream society. They do not only become a menace to other people but also develop a sense of contempt in general for everyone else. Most of these individuals end up engaging in unlawful activities at some point in their life. Therefore it can be safely say that lack of education increases the chances of making someone a criminal. According to United States Census Bureau survey of 2008 almost 12.4% of United Sates population consists of African Americans. African Americans are therefore also the largest minority of United States. These African Americans are primarily descendants of slaves who were brought to America from Africa during the periods of slave trade. The American society has evolved a lot during the last few decades. The problems for African American have still not totally vanished. They are not given the same access to education as other races in Americas. This has led to their isolation from main

Ulysses Grant and His diplomatic achievements in Civil War Essay

Ulysses Grant and His diplomatic achievements in Civil War - Essay Example It is at this civil war that Ulysses Grant emerged as one of the most successful war commanders of his time after he prevented the secession from taking place. He would later become elected as the 18th president of the United States of America. Ulysses began his career in military action by first serving as a cadet after enrolling at West Point Military Academy at the age of 17 years. After graduation from the military academy, where he emerged at number 21 out of 39 cadets, Grant went on to serve in the American Mexican war. Being under generals such as Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, Grant was able to learn the strategies of war. He retired from active service in 1854, and was working at his father’s tannery as a clerk, when the civil war began. Born Hiram Ulysses Grant, he had to change his name due to a clerical error when at the military academy in West Point. According to Bunting and Schlesinger (2004), Grant grew up under easy discipline and devoted attention (p10). Therefore, it was not hard for him to adapt to the demands of military action. His parents were rather opposites in opinions, with his father Jesse praising the young boy at every opportunity he had while his mother Hannah, was an unbeliever in praise (Bunting and Schlessinger 10). His boyhood and education was conventional at the time (Bunting and Schlessinger 11). ... st Point but his wedding had to delay due to the threat of war with Mexico, which he later took part in unknowing that this would be an important phase of his career as a soldier. His performance in the war was exemplary, and lead to his promotion to first lieutenant due to his bravery. He played a huge part in the capture of Mexico City and his experience at this Mexico-American war would later come as an advantage to him during the civil war (Hickman Para 3). The Civil War The civil war began in 1861 when Grant was serving in his father’s tannery, and this offered him the chance he was so much willing to take- that of getting back to military action. In 1852, Grant had been stationed in Fort Vancouver, a place he considered lonely and could not take his family with him. Due to this, he started drinking heavily, and was charged for it though no formal evidence emerged. He later had to resign to avoid getting the boot. On coming back to the civil war, Grant served in the union army that was seeking to end the confederates reign. At the union army, Grant began as a trainer for the new recruits in the army and was promoted to colonel in June 1861, where Major General Fremont later appointed him as commander of the district of Cairo in Illinois. President Lincoln would later appoint him as Brigadier General of the army after serving for the adjutant in Illinois. His diplomatic achievements would start early on in his career as a civil war soldier, where after training the new recruits as commissioned by Governor Yates, he was successful in convincing congressman Elihu B Washburn to appoint him as colonel (Patterson et al 150). His colonel duty saw him lead the Illinois infantry a largely unruly unit, but was able to reform the unit into the best fighting unit in the

The Political Theory of Alexander Hamilton and Its Reflection in American Political System Essay Example for Free

The Political Theory of Alexander Hamilton and Its Reflection in American Political System Essay Alexander Hamilton was one of those political thinkers whose theory shaped the political profile of the young American nation. A theoretician of republicanism, author of about a half of the Federalist papers, signatory of the Constitution, friend of Washington and somehow an aristocratic idealist, Hamilton left a legacy, which continues to influence America until now. This legacy can be found in Hamilton’s works on political philosophy and state building. In turn, these works were written not only by a Founding Father, but by a man, thus every piece of Hamilton’s political writing is deeply personal, reflecting not only abstract mediations, but practical experience. In this paper, I will attempt to analyze certain Hamilton’s ideas to prove that his theory had a strong relation to drafting, adoption, application and interpretation of the basic American constitutional instruments. In this theory, Hamilton managed to reconcile such controversial matters as liberalism, aristocratism, democratic values and political centralism. This complex theory became a practice of American government and American people. Accordingly, America is still affected by Hamilton’s individual reflections, insights and mistakes. Review of Literature on the Subject Hamilton’s personality and Hamilton’s political views have attracted scholars ever since 1800-s, this, for the purposes of this paper I will review only certain landmark works presenting various approaches to the subject. An example of Hamilton’s comprehensive biography is â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† (2004) by Ron Chernow. This book presents a classical view of Hamilton as a national hero and a founding father. Another classical approach is demonstrated in â€Å"Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government† (1970) by Gerald Stourzh. The book offers an image of Hamilton as a patriot of the Republic and influential theoretic of centralized government. Another approach to research on Hamilton’s heritage is presented in classical â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† by Henry Jones Ford first published in 1900. The book presents Hamilton as occasional figure torn by inner controversies, admirer of Britain and a latent monarchist. A contemporary view of a famous conflict inside the federalist movement, including conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson is available in â€Å"Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character† (2000) by Roger G. Kennedy. Hamilton’s view of human nature Even the most perfect political system would not work in case it contradicts human nature. A government and a people consists of individuals sharing all virtues and weaknesses peculiar to human species. Thus, Hamilton’s starting point was understanding of human nature, including nature of those men who are vested with authority. As put by Hamilton himself, principles of human nature â€Å"are as infallible as any mathematical calculations† (Stourzh 76). Rosano argues that Hamilton’s â€Å"predominately and radically liberal conception of human nature is based on Locke’s concept of liberty, Hobbes’s concept of power, and Machiavelli’s concept of the â€Å"effectual truth. † (Rosano 61). This rather tricky combination was a result of Hamilton’s controversial views formed by demonstrative superficial idealism and deep inner skepticism. This controversy, probably, has never been resolved by Hamilton himself. His nature was profoundly aristocratic, what he proved by his duel with Burr. Hamilton chose to die as a nobleman in spite of submitting a dispute for judicial consideration as a profound democrat would do. On the other hand, Hamilton admired the ideas of European Enlightenment with their call to democracy and self-government. Perhaps, Hamilton would be happy to see a free community of noble individuals without vices; however, he realized that such vision is practically impossible. This antilogy made Hamilton skeptical about human nature itself. He pessimistically noted that, â€Å"A vast majority of mankind is entirely biased by motives of self-interest† (Stourzh 78). Later Hamilton claimed such views openly when he wrote of â€Å"deductions for the ordinary depravity of human nature† (Federalist No 78). These Hamilton’s position corresponds to Hobbes’s concept of corrupted human nature which has to be oppressed by the government in order to preserve peace and stability (Stourzh 73). Surprisingly, Hamilton simultaneously managed to admire the theory of Hobbes’s eternal opponent Locke, who worshiped the natural state of man as a supreme value. To what extent has Hobbes advocated power, to the same extent had Locke strived for recognition of human rights. Hamilton shared the ideas of the latter when he wrote: â€Å"The sacred rights of mankind are not to be rummaged for among old parchments or musty records. They are written, as with a sunbeam, in the whole volume of human nature, by the hand of the divinity itself; and can never be erased or obscured by mortal power† (Stourzh 14). According to Hamilton, implications like love, liberty, desire of happiness, and public good are deeply rooted in every heart (Rosano, 63). This makes a contrast to his early writings of human corruption. It appears that Hamilton suffered from mismatch between that what he wanted to see and that what he actually saw. This should be taken into account when analyzing Hamilton’s political heritage. For him the government was an instrument for bettering human nature and prevention of its corrupted manifestations. Deep understanding of Hamilton’s political theory is impossible without consideration of this peculiarity. Hamilton’s Political Theory Theoretical views on politics shared by Hamilton are best reflected in the Federalist papers, about a half of which were authored by Hamilton personally. Seemingly, there is no crucial issue which Hamilton would not touch, yet his primary concerns were necessity of Consitution, separation of authority between the federal government and the states, powers of the central government, as well as issues concerning national bank, national debt, national armed forces and navy. Hamilton venerates the people as a source of national will, yet this will has to be presented by someone, and this â€Å"someone† is likely to be corrupted. Hamilton’s response was a system of direct ties between the people and the central government, which would not be interrupted by intermediaries in the person of local authorities. In his letter to governor Morris Hamilton wrote: â€Å"it has ever appeared to me as sound principle to let the federal government rest, as much as possible, on the shoulders of the people, and as little as possible on those of the State Legislatures† (Chernow 774). This view caused Kapstein to assert that â€Å"No other American statesman has personified national power and the rule of the favored few so well as Hamilton† (Kapstein 36). And indeed, in his most influential theoretical work reflected in the Federalist papers Hamilton speaks as an advocate of a stronger union between states which is likely to secure rights of the people inside this state. According to his idea, a slimsy confederation of half-independent states is likely to sink in inner conflicts, thus making the rights of the people insecure and the entire union vulnerable to foreign invasions. To justify this view Hamilton once more referred to the corrupted human nature by observing that â€Å"to presume a want of motives for such contests as an argument against their existence, would be to forget that men are ambitious, vindictive, and rapacious† (Federalist No 6). Envy, national conflicts, territorial disputes, apportionment of national debt, senseless scholastic debates, disputes upon private contracts: all this, According to Hamilton, is likely to ruin a Union (Federalist No 7). Thus, the Confederation appeared to be insufficient to preserve the union. Powers of states had to be strongly limited for the common good. Central government could impose such limitations only. Hamilton’s idea of the central government is quite authoritarian, causing allegations of monarchism and betrayal of ideals of freedom. Hamilton’s views on this subject were strongly affected by his personal experience during the Revolutionary war. The work of a procurement officer performed by Hamilton during the war was not heroic but very necessary. During this period Hamilton desperately fought against Congress’s foot dragging in every matter of supplying the army (Kennedy 36). This pretty logical idea has been reflected in the Constitution and the American Bill of Rights, although there are at least two basic problems with it. Firstly, elimination of state authorities with aim to reduce the influence of human corrupted nature is a two-edged sword. The problem is simply raised from the state level to the federal level. A federal government controlled by unworthy people was probably Hamilton’s nightmare, especially in a situation when the states have no considerable opportunities to oppose the corrupted central government. The second problem is in delegation of powers. Mutual consent may be a good theory; however, it is never practically achievable. Thus, there exists a notable problem of defining those powers which have to be delegated to the central government and which should not. One more criticism of Hamilton’s theory came from his opponents like Jefferson. A strong central power will have a strong army and police to enforce its decisions and protect the union. These institutions are likely to be used by the central government to expand its powers against defenseless states (Stourzh 198). As regards matters of finance and taxation Hamilton, surely, advocated centralized taxation and centralized banking system based on national debt. According to Hamilton, this would enable to centralize and effectively apply the resources of a nation (Federalist No 30). Yet this idea, as understood by Hamilton himself, would bring about the issue of inequality, since those who borrow assets to the central government would tower over the rest of the people (Kapstein 37). Some response was provided by Hamilton when he wrote that â€Å"The loans it might be able to procure would be as limited in their extent as burdensome in their conditions. They would be made upon the same principles that usurers commonly lend to bankrupt and fraudulent debtors, with a sparing hand and at enormous premiums† (Federalist No 30), however, it appears that Hamilton simply tried to escape the problem. As a Secretary of the Treasury, he obviously realized the need for centralization of assets through banking and taxations system, however, as a freedom idealist, he could not have avoided the view of national indebtedness as a burden imposed on every free person. Current situation with national debt demonstrates that Hamilton simply chose the bad from between bad and worse. Centralized financial and taxation system did enable to preserve the Union in hard times, however, currently America faces the negative consequences of such preservation. This is Hamilton’s theory where the roots of the present situation are found. In his conclusive remarks to the Federalist Papers Hamilton notes that â€Å"there would appear still to remain for discussion two points: the analogy of the proposed government to your own State constitution, and the additional security which its adoption will afford to republican government, to liberty, and to property. But these heads have been so fully anticipated†¦that it would now scarcely be possible to do anything more than repeat† (Federalist No 85). However, American national history proves that these crucial issues were far from explained both in the time of Hamilton and in the following decades. Hamilton has not offered a universal solution; he simply suggested one of the possible models which, as any models, had its strong and weak points. Perhaps the USA survived thanks to these strong points. However, this does not mean that the weak points never revealed themselves. Practical Application of Hamilton’s Theory The most notable practical application of Hamilton’s political teaching is the Constitution of the United States of America, whose most furious advocate Hamilton was. The Constitution follows a model for division of powers proposed by Hamilton, including a single legislative body consisting of representatives of the people, a unified executive system, unified judiciary. Exclusive right of the central power to solve the issues of taxation and public debt. In accordance with Hamilton’s idea, the Congress has a militia under its command. Thus, Hamilton’s political model was eventually reflected in the organic law of America. Application of this organic law appeared to be more complicated. Not less important than the adoption of the Constitution were sharp debates about its application in the late 18th and early 19th century. Perhaps the most controversial issue around these debates was Hamilton’s doctrine of implied powers, contrasting Jefferson’s idea of strict interpretation of the Constitution (Kapstein 37). The doctrine of implied powers began to flourish already after Hamilton’s death in the judgments of John Marshall, Hamilton’s confederate, who served as Chief Justice. Centralization of American government was completed after several rulings rendered by Marshall in such landmark cases as Marbury vs. Madison (1804) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). At that, the Constitution shaped by Hamilton was used as a mighty tool for centralization. In Marbury vs. Madison Marshall determined that the judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution. To support this Marshall created a pretty logical construction pointing out that as long as the Constitution is a supreme law, the Supreme Court is empowered to review all cases where the Constitution is concerned. This was the first application of Hamiltons implied powers doctrine, but far not the last. Another direct reference to the doctrine was the Supreme Court judgment in McCulloch v. Maryland, where Chief Justice Marshall put a period to application of Hamilton’s idea of centralized power and centralized banking. By determining that the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitutions express powers, in order to create a functional national government and that the State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government (Smith, 89) the Supreme Court made the states entirely dependent on the central government in every matter related to the Constitution. Deserves noting that by referring to implied powers Marshall laid grounds not only for application of Hamilton’s political heritage, but for subsequent violations of Constitutional rights. Thus, just few years after Marshall’s death, his theory proved to be a double-edged sword. Conclusions Rosano fatefully observes that Americans are happy and â€Å"the founders are celebrated because they had the chance to prove their virtue; they were virtuous because they loved liberty and the public good as well as fame† (Rosano 72). This passage is very much applicable to Hamilton. A revolutionary hero and a prominent author, he presents a perfect set of virtues admired in America. It is hard to find another figure which would be so momentous for America as Hamilton was, perhaps with exception only for Washington. However, being a momentous figure, Hamilton gave America not only liberty and virtues, but a sense of helplessness against central government, as well as long-lasting problems such as national debt. The controversies of Hamilton’s theory made American political system controversial. Numerous attempts to fix this by subsequent amendments and court decisions prove that Hamilton’s model is viable, but far from ideal.

Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heigh

In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights revenge is a common, reoccurring theme. According to Webster’s Dictionary, revenge is to inflict punishment in return for injury or insult. Within the novel, Wuthering Heights, revenge is an action taken by many people in order to redeem themselves. However, all of the characters end up in misery because of their hearts’ desire to avenge. In many novels, revenge is an action typically taken by the main villain upon the main hero. Revenge occurs often in both fiction and non-fiction books. Within Withering Heights, there are three examples of revenge that posses romantic tenets; Heathcliff’s revenge on Edgar and Catherine is the isolation tenet; Catherine’s revenge on Heathcliff is the elevated emotional level tenet; and Hindley’s revenge on Heathcl...

Bachelor Degree Essay

The need for competent bedside nurses has drastically increased and so will it continue in the future. The level of basic education that a nurse should have has always been an issue of debate and controversy. The ADN program is shorter and more concise which focuses on the clinical skills and is more tasks oriented. It lacks the theory and science behind nursing as a profession. ADN nurses usually have 2-3 years education and are focused to provide individualized care to their patients based on their diagnosis. The BSN program is a four-year degree, which is knowledge, theory and research based and the emphasis is on the entire picture of the field of nursing. The BSN nurse would use the researching and critical thinking background of her education to care for patients. Many do not realize there is a difference between the two. Both associate degree graduate and baccalaureate degree graduates take the same NCLEX board exam for licensing and enter the same job. Unlike associate-degree nursing programs where the nurses function primarily at the bedside in less complex patient care situations, the BSN program prepares the nurse to practice in all health care settings – critical care, outpatient care, public health, and mental health. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing has posted a detailed position statement (2000) and fact sheet (2010) on their websites endorsing the position that the minimum entry level requirement for nurses be a BSN degree. The BSN nurse is well-qualified to deliver care in private homes, outpatient centers, and neighborhood clinics where demand is fast expanding as hospitals focus increasingly on acute care and as health care moves beyond the hospital to more primary and preventive services throughout the community. At increasing numbers of hospitals nationwide, baccalaureate-prepared nurses are being utilized in ways that recognize their different educational preparation and competency from associate-degree nurses. In these differentiated practice models, BSN nurses not only provide more complex aspects of daily care and patient education, but also design and coordinate a comprehensive plan of nursing care for the entire length of a patient’s stay – from pre-admission to post-discharge – including supervising nurse’s aides and other unlicensed assistive personnel, designing discharge and teaching plans for patients, and collaborating with patients, physicians, family members, and other hospital departments and resource personnel. Evidence shows that nursing education level is a factor in patient safety and quality of care. As cited in the report When Care Becomes a Burden released by the Milbank Memorial Fund in 2001, two separate studies conducted in 1996 – one by the state of New York and one by the state of Texas – clearly show that significantly higher levels of medication errors and procedural violations are committed by nurses prepared at the associate degree and diploma levels as compared with the baccalaureate level. These findings are consistent with findings published in the July/August 2002 issue of Nurse Educator magazine that references studies conducted in Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio and Tennessee that also found that nurses prepared at the associate degree and diploma levels make the majority of practice-related violations. AACN and other authorities believe that education has a strong impact on a nurse’s ability to practice, and that patients deserve the best educated nursing workforce possible. A growing body of research reinforces this belief and shows a connection between baccalaureate education and lower mortality rates. Baccalaureate nursing programs encompass all of the course work taught in associate degree and diploma programs plus a more in-depth treatment of the physical and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nursing management, and the humanities. The additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. Throughout the last decade, policymakers and practice leaders have recognized that education makes a difference. (http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education. References http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education. (n. d). The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice . Retrieved May 21, 2013, from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education.